1. Beer's law, relationship between Transmittance and Absorbance and its application in clinical chemistry. 2. Explain concept and application of Molar Absorptivity giving suitable examples. 3. Draw diagram of a spectrophotometer. How double-beam-in-time spectrophotometer differ from double-beam-in-space spectrophotometer 4. Light sources in analytical equipments 5. Spectral isolation in optical analytical equipments 6. Wavelengh accuracy, spectral band width, stray light and photometric accuracy of optical analytical equipments 7. Principle, instrumentation and use of atomic absorption spectrometry in clinical chemistry 8. Zeeman correction in atomic absorption spectrometry 9. Principle of flurometry and fluroscence polarization 10. Components of flurometric equipment 11. Principles of Luminecence, bioluminecence, chemiluminecence, enhanced chemileuminecence and electrochemileuminicence 12. Principle and instrumentation of nephelometry and turbidimetry 13. Potentiometry using Ion selective electrodes for H+, Na+, K+ and Cl- 14. Potentiometry electrodes for pCO2 15. Amperometric electrode for pO2 16. Amperometric O2 based and H2O2 based glucose electrodes 17. Potentiometric enzyme electrode for blood urea 18. Biosensors – enzyme based and affinity based 19. Affinity sensors for specific protein and DNA detection 20. Electrophoresis support media 21. Isoelectric focusing 22. Principle of SDS PAGE 23. Troubleshooting SDS PAGE 24. Principle, instrumentation and uses of capillary electrophoresis 25. Microchip electrophoresis 26. Separation mechanisms used in chromatography 27. Size exclusion chromatography 28. Affinity chromatography 29. Explain chromatographic resolution and efficiency 30. Instrumentation of HPLC 31. HPLC sample injector 32. HPLC columns 33. HPLC detectors 34. Instrumentation of Gas Chromatography 35. GC detectors 36. Principle of electron and chemical ionization in mass spectrometer 37. Electrospray Ionization for mass spectrometry 38. MALDI mass spectrometry 39. Principles of various mass analysers for mass spectrometry 40. Quadruple mass analysers 41. Magnetic sector mass analysers 42. TOF mass analysers 43. Quadrupole and linear ion trap mass analysers 44. Tandom mass spectrometry 45. Clinical applications of mass spectrometer 46. Define isoenzymes. Explain genetic origin of isoenzymes. Enlist non-genetic modifications of enzymes resulting in isoforms. 47. Measurement of enzymes by reaction rates 48. Strategy for detection of above-linearity range ALT in automated chemistry analysers 49. Traceability of enzyme measurement 50. Enzymes as analytical reagents 51. Monoclonal antibody productions 52. Labeled immunochemical assays 53. Competitive vs. noncompetitive immunoassay 54. Labels used for nonisotopic immunoassay and their detection limits 55. Heterogenous vs. homogenous immunoassay 56. CEDIA and EMIT 57. Homogenous polarization fluroimmunoassay 58. Principle of PCR 59. PCR optimization and primer design 60. PCR contamination control 61. Hot start PCR 62. Asymmetric PCR 63. Allele specific PCR 64. Single molecule PCR 65. Isothermic PCR amplification based on transcription 66. PCR application detection techniques 67. PCR amplicon discrimination techniques 68. PCR-RFLP 69. Single stranded conformation polymorphism for discrimination of PCR products 70. Denaturing gradient and temperature gradient electrophoresis for discrimination of PCR products 71. Dideoxy terminal sequencing of DNA principle and automated sequencing 72. Emulsion PCR 73. Bridge amplification 74. Absorbance melting curve of double helical nucleic acid 75. Dot-blot hybridization assay 76. Two color DNA microarray 77. DNA copy number variation assay 78. Single copy visualization assay 79. real time PCR with dsDNA binding dyes 80. Real time monitoring of PCR and melting analysis 81. Detection, quantification and identification of amplicon in real time PCR 82. Common probes and dyes for realtime PCR 83. Microchip electrophoresis device 84. Automation in sample identification and data collection 85. Automation in sample transporters 86. Describe components of a automated discrete analyser. 87. Use of barcoding in clinical laboratory 88. Components of Integrated automation system in clinical laboratory 89. Advantages and disadvantages of POCT 90. Ideal requirements of POCT 91. Classification of POCT devices 92. Principle of electrochemical glucose strip used in glucometers 93. Principle of lateral flow immunoassay 94. Principles of HbA1C POCT instruments 95. Assessing need for POCT servic