1. Enzymes do not affect equilibrium of chemical reaction.
2. Km and Vmax in competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibition
3. Catalytic constant and catalytic efficiency
4. Difference between feedback regulation and feedback inhibition
5. Explain different types of isoenzymes and isoforms of Creatine Kinase in humans. Describe principle of measurement of CK-MB by catalytic method and mass method. Why the catalytic method generally contain N-acetyl cysteine, AMP and diadenosine-pentaphosphate
6. Single molecule enzymology
Describe biochemical structure of bacterial cell wall and give overview of its synthesis. How does it differ in Gram positive and negative organisms. Describe biochemical mechanism of action of antibiotics affecting bacterial cell wall. Explain biochemical strategies used by bacteria to develop resistance to these antibiotics. Explain mechanism of autoimmune disease following bacterial infection and immune-mediated hypersensitivity to antibiotics
12. Molar absorptivity of NADH and calculation of enzyme factors 13. Recombinant fusion proteins in affinity chromatography purification of proteins 14. artifacts from RNA world 19. Compare and contrast five Basic Local Alignment Search Tools (BLAST) 20. Cytochrome P-450 28. Overview of amino acid metabolism 98. Membrane asymmetry 99. specialized plasma membranes 100. Structure of K+ channel and selectivity 101. Structure and function of clathrin coated vesicles 102. Group 1 and group 2 hormones 105. Regulation of gene expression by class 1 hormones 106. G protein coupled receptors 107. Phospholipase C mediated second messenger system 108. Insulin signaling - 109. Nuclear receptor superfamily 115. Sources of free radicals and tissue damages caused by them 116. Antioxidents can be pro-oxidents 124. COP 1, COP2 and clathrin coated vesicles 125. Lectins 126. Role of dolichol in synthesis of N-linked glycoprotein 127. GPI anchored proteind 131. Biochemical mechanism of bone resorption in ostoclast 132. Molecular organization in cartilages 138. Metabolism and function of nitrogen oxide 145. alpha-1 antitrypsin function and deficiency 146. genetics of ABO blood groups 147. Metabolism of RBC 148. Important reactions related to oxidative stress in various cells 149. RBC cytoskeleton and hereditary spherocytosis 150. Respiratory burst in neutrophils and related disorders 151. Role of NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase in neutrophils 152. Properties of cytochrome P450 153. Various types of type-2 reactions in metabolism of xenobiotics 154. Xenobiotic mediated cell inury 155. Mitochondrial theory of aging 156. Role of protein glycation in protein-protein crosslinking 157. Metabolic theory of aging 158. Telomere – structure, function and its replication 159. Ames test for detection of carcinogens 160. Oncogenes 161. Biochemical basis of apoptosis 162. Biochemical aspects of metastasis 163. 164. 165. Explain leuminescence, chemileuminescence, bioleuminesence, enhanced chemileuminesence, and electrochemileuminesence 166. Dietary reference intake 167. Shotgun sequencing 168. Ethics in medical laboratory 169. Principle of electrochemileuminesence 170. Cost minimization, cost-benifit, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis for laboratory tests 171. Various types of blood collection tubes for serum separation 172. Lactic acidosis – causes and biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination 173. Causes and biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination in diabetic ketoacidosis 174. Biochemical basis of expected results of Blood gas analysis in severe emphysema 175. Biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination in renal tubular acidosis 176. Capillary blood sampling – methods and uses 177. Types questions clinicians try to answer by requesting laboratory examinations 178. Voltametry in clinical chemistry 179. Types of bilirubin in plasma and its detection by various methods 180. Limitations of use of SI units in clinical chemistry 181. Blunt end recombination of DNA 22. Describe detailed process map of blood sample centrifugation. Identify risks involved in the process and possible steps to mitigate them.
Clinical Chemistry 1. Ethical issues in clinical chemistry 2. 63. 156. Principles, advantages,disadvantages, clinical interpretation of various methods for measurement of ALT, AST, Amylase, LDH, CKMB, Psudocholinesterase, ALP, Lipase, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea, uric acid, Glucose,Cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL, iron, TIBC HbA1C, Bilirubin, TSH, T4, Free T4, Other hormones and tumor markers]] 157. Describe genetics, clinical significance,methods for determinations, reference intervals for serum alkaline phosphatase 158. Current applications of tumor markers and their limitations 159. Current recommendations on use of tumor markers 160. Enzymes as tumor markers 161. Screening for urine microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus 162. Describe formation of creatinine in body Describe salient features of chemical and enzymatic methods for serum creatinine measurement. Give account of quality issues in creatinine measurement. List advantages and disadvantages of markers of GFR. Explain use of IDMS traceable MDRD equation for estimating GFR from serum creatinine.