1. Beer's law, relationship between Transmittance and Absorbance and its application in clinical chemistry.
2. Explain concept and application of Molar Absorptivity giving suitable examples.
3. Draw diagram of a spectrophotometer. How double-beam-in-time spectrophotometer differ from double-beam-in-space spectrophotometer
4. Light sources in analytical equipments
5. Spectral isolation in optical analytical equipments
6. Wavelengh accuracy, spectral band width, stray light and photometric accuracy of optical analytical equipments
7. Principle, instrumentation and use of atomic absorption spectrometry in clinical chemistry
8. Zeeman correction in atomic absorption spectrometry
9. Principle of flurometry and fluroscence polarization
10. Components of flurometric equipment
11. Principles of Luminecence, bioluminecence, chemiluminecence, enhanced chemileuminecence and electrochemileuminicence
12. Principle and instrumentation of nephelometry and turbidimetry
13. Potentiometry using Ion selective electrodes for H+, Na+, K+ and Cl-
14. Potentiometry electrodes for pCO2
15. Amperometric electrode for pO2
16. Amperometric O2 based and H2O2 based glucose electrodes
17. Potentiometric enzyme electrode for blood urea
18. Biosensors – enzyme based and affinity based
19. Affinity sensors for specific protein and DNA detection
20. Electrophoresis support media
21. Isoelectric focusing
22. Principle of SDS PAGE
23. Troubleshooting SDS PAGE
24. Principle, instrumentation and uses of capillary electrophoresis
25. Microchip electrophoresis
26. Separation mechanisms used in chromatography
27. Size exclusion chromatography
28. Affinity chromatography
29. Explain chromatographic resolution and efficiency
30. Instrumentation of HPLC
31. HPLC sample injector
32. HPLC columns
33. HPLC detectors
34. Instrumentation of Gas Chromatography
35. GC detectors
36. Principle of electron and chemical ionization in mass spectrometer
37. Electrospray Ionization for mass spectrometry
38. MALDI mass spectrometry
39. Principles of various mass analysers for mass spectrometry
40. Quadruple mass analysers
41. Magnetic sector mass analysers
42. TOF mass analysers
43. Quadrupole and linear ion trap mass analysers
44. Tandom mass spectrometry
45. Clinical applications of mass spectrometer
46. Define isoenzymes. Explain genetic origin of isoenzymes. Enlist non-genetic modifications of enzymes resulting in isoforms.
47. Measurement of enzymes by reaction rates
48. Strategy for detection of above-linearity range ALT in automated chemistry analysers
49. Traceability of enzyme measurement
50. Enzymes as analytical reagents
51. Monoclonal antibody productions
52. Labeled immunochemical assays
53. Competitive vs. noncompetitive immunoassay
54. Labels used for nonisotopic immunoassay and their detection limits
55. Heterogenous vs. homogenous immunoassay
56. CEDIA and EMIT
57. Homogenous polarization fluroimmunoassay
58. Principle of PCR
59. PCR optimization and primer design
60. PCR contamination control
61. Hot start PCR
62. Asymmetric PCR
63. Allele specific PCR
64. Single molecule PCR
65. Isothermic PCR amplification based on transcription
66. PCR application detection techniques
67. PCR amplicon discrimination techniques
68. PCR-RFLP
69. Single stranded conformation polymorphism for discrimination of PCR products
70. Denaturing gradient and temperature gradient electrophoresis for discrimination of PCR products
71. Dideoxy terminal sequencing of DNA principle and automated sequencing
72. Emulsion PCR
73. Bridge amplification
74. Absorbance melting curve of double helical nucleic acid
75. Dot-blot hybridization assay
76. Two color DNA microarray
77. DNA copy number variation assay
78. Single copy visualization assay
79. real time PCR with dsDNA binding dyes
80. Real time monitoring of PCR and melting analysis
81. Detection, quantification and identification of amplicon in real time PCR
82. Common probes and dyes for realtime PCR
83. Microchip electrophoresis device
84. Automation in sample identification and data collection
85. Automation in sample transporters
86. Describe components of a automated discrete analyser.
87. Use of barcoding in clinical laboratory
88. Components of Integrated automation system in clinical laboratory
89. Advantages and disadvantages of POCT
90. Ideal requirements of POCT
91. Classification of POCT devices
92. Principle of electrochemical glucose strip used in glucometers
93. Principle of lateral flow immunoassay
94. Principles of HbA1C POCT instruments
95. Assessing need for POCT servic